1.

Descriptive versus Inferential Statistics

1

2.

Scales of Measurement

7

3.

Frequencies, Percentages, and Proportions

13

4.

Introduction to Frequency Distributions

17

5.

Frequency Distribution for Grouped Data

21

6.

Cumulative Frequencies, Cumulative Percentages, and Percentile Ranks

27

7.

Histograms

33

8.

Frequency Polygons

37

9.

Shapes of Distributions

45

10.

The Mean: An Average

51

11.

Mean, Median, and Mode

57

12.

Variability: The Range and Interquartile Range

63

13.

Variability: Introduction to the Standard Deviation

69

14.

A Closer Look at the Standard Deviation

75

15.

Another Look at the Standard Deviation

81

16.

Standard Scores

85

17.

Transformed Standard Scores

93

18.

Standard Scores and the Normal Curve

99

19.

Conceptual Introduction to Correlation

105

20.

Scattergrams

113

21.

Introduction to the Pearson r

121

22.

Computation of the Pearson r

125

23.

Coefficient of Determination

131

24.

Multiple Correlation

137

25.

Introduction to Linear Regression

143

26.

Computations for Linear Regression

151

27.

Introduction to Sampling

157

28.

A Closer Look at Sampling

165

29.

Introduction to Probability

171

30.

Probability and the Normal Curve

177

31.

Standard Error of the Mean

183

32.

Confidence Interval for the Mean

191

33.

Introduction to the Null Hypothesis

197

34.

Decisions About the Null Hypothesis

203

35.

z Test for One Sample

209

36.

One-Tailed versus Two-Tailed Tests

217

37.

Introduction to the t Test

223

38.

Computation of t for Independent Data

229

39.

Reporting the Results of t Tests

237

40.

Computation of t for Dependent Data

243

41.

Introduction to Analysis of Variance

251

42.

Computations for a One-Way ANOVA

257

43.

Tukey’s HSD Test

265

44.

Scheffé’s Test

271

45.

Introduction to Two-Way ANOVA

277

46.

Significance of the Difference Between Variances

287

47.

Significance of a Pearson r

293

48.

Introduction to Chi-square

297

49.

Computations for a One-Way Chi-square

303

50.

Computations for a Two-Way Chi-square

309

51.

Cramér’s Phi

317

52.

Median Test

323

53.

Mann-Whitney U Test

329

54.

Wilcoxon’s Matched-Pairs Test

335

55.

Descriptive Statistics: Their Value in Research

343

56.

Inferential Statistics: Their Value in Research

353

57.

Limitations of Inferential Statistics: I

361

58.

Limitations of Inferential Statistics: II

369

59.

Statistical versus Practical Significance

375

60.

Introduction to Effect Size (d )

381

61.

Interpretation of Effect Size (d )

387

62.

Effect Size and Correlation (r)

393

Basic Math Review

399

A.

Computational Formulas for the Standard Deviation

421

B.

Notes on Interpreting the Pearson r

423

C.

Definition Formula for the Pearson r

425

D.

Spearman’s rho

427

E.

Standard Error of Estimate

429

F.

Standard Error of a Median and a Percentage

431

G.

Confidence Interval for the Mean: Small Samples

433

H.

Computation of the Precise Median

435

I.

 A Closer Look At Effect Size

437

1.

Abbreviated Table of the Normal Curve

441

2.

Table of Random Numbers

442

3.

Constants Based on t for Computing Confidence Intervals for the Mean Based on Small Samples

443

4.

Critical Values of t for Two-Tailed t Test

444

5.

Critical Values of t for One-Tailed t Test

445

6.

Critical Values of F for the .05 Level

446

7.

Critical Values of F for the .01 Level

450

8.

Studentized Range Statistic (q) for the .05 Level

454

9.

Studentized Range Statistic (q) for the .01 Level

455

10.

Minimum Values for Significance of a Pearson r

456

11.

Critical Values of Chi-square

457

12.

Critical Values of U for the .05 Level

458

13.

Critical Values of U for the .01 Level

459

14.

Critical Values of T for Wilcoxon’s Matched-Pairs Test

460

Index

461