Introduction to the Fifth Edition

v

1

1.

 The Empirical Approach to Knowledge

3

2.

 Types of Empirical Research

7

3.

 Introduction to Sampling

11

4.

 Scales of Measurement

17

5.

 Descriptive, Correlational, and Inferential Statistics

21

25

6.

 Frequencies, Percentages, and Proportions

27

7.

 Shapes of Distributions

31

8.

 The Mean: An Average

37

9.

 Mean, Median, and Mode

41

10.

 Range and Interquartile Range

45

11.

 Standard Deviation

49

Part C   Correlational Statistics

55

12.

 Correlation

57

13.

 Pearson r

63

14.

 Coefficient of Determination

67

15.

 Scattergram

71

16.

 Multiple Correlation

81

87

17.

 Variations on Random Sampling

89

18.

 Sample Size

95

19.

 Standard Error of the Mean

101

20.

 Introduction to the Null Hypothesis

107

21.

 Decisions About the Null Hypothesis

113

22.

 Introduction to the t Test

119

23.

 Reports of the Results of t Tests

123

24.

 One-Way ANOVA

127

25.

 Two-Way ANOVA

133

26.

 Chi-Square

141

27.

 Limitations of Significance Testing

147

28.

 Effect Size

153

Appendix A   Computation of the Standard Deviation

159

Appendix B   Notes on Interpreting Pearson r and                        Linear Regression

161

Appendix C   Table of Random Numbers

163

Appendix D   More About the Null Hypothesis

165

167